Laboratory inquiry 3: Forensic case
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Laboratory inquiry 2: Mystery fossil
In this laboratory exercise, you will work to uncover the identity of a hominin fossil.
The scapula and shoulder girdle
The bones that make up the shoulder are the scapula, clavicle and humerus.
Laboratory inquiry 1: Outgroup
Your task in the first laboratory inquiry assignment is to develop a hypothesis about the anatomy of the common ancestor of two species of anthropoid primate...
Laboratory inquiry 1: Reconstructing ancestral primates
Note: This page will change, as your inquiry assignment progresses. Keep checking back here.
A quick start to the skeleton
In this course, you will be working extensively with skeletal anatomy. The skeleton provides the primary evidence about our evolutionary history. Skeletal ev...
A quick start on anatomical directions
When talking about bones and teeth, we will need to use several terms to orient ourselves. Some of the terms are obvious, like right and left. Other intuitiv...
Some anthropometrics of the head
Anthropometry is the science of measuring the human body.
Mandibles of Neandertals and modern humans
Many of the differences between Neandertals and modern humans can be found in the face and jaw. Neandertals had relatively tall faces, and substantial progna...
Mandibles of early Homo and robust australopithecines
For anthropologists, Africa was a point of exceptional diversity between 2 million and 1.5 million years ago. In both East and South Africa, the fossil recor...
Human and ape feet
At this station, you’ll find some articulated human feet. “Articulated” means that the bones are assembled together at their joints – two bones that articula...
Piltdown
Here you will find a cast of the Piltdown specimen. Both the skull and mandible were real bone; the problem is that the skull was human and the jaw orangutan...
Neandertal postcrania
Neandertals were very robustly built. This means that they had relatively thick bones, with thick layers of cortical bone. It also means they had relatively ...
Neandertal cranial anatomy
The Neandertals were Late Pleistocene inhabitants of Europe, and their skeletal remains were among the first fossil humans that scientists recognized as repr...
Modern human crania
By the end of the Middle Pleistocene, people throughout the inhabited world had attained brain sizes in the range of living people. Technology had ad- vanced...
Understanding population differentiation
This lab has a take-home assignment, which is worth three points when you turn it in at next week’s lab section.
Measuring population subdivision
The basic measure of genetic difference between two populations is the statistic, FST. In genetics, the term F generally stands for ``inbreeding’’, which ten...
Cranial features and race
Individuals whose ancestry derives mostly from different parts of the world sometimes have different cranial features. Forensic anthropologists have studied ...
Sex and the mandibles of early hominins
Determining sex from human mandibles (as you will do in another part of this lab) depends on a series of characteristics that tend to differ between male and...
Meet Homo heidelbergensis
The Mauer mandible comes from just southeast of Heidelberg, Germany, and was found in ancient sands deposited just more than 600,000 years ago. Upon its desc...
Mandibles and sex
The mandible can provide important evidence in assessment of sex from skeletal remains. Male mandibles are generally heavier and larger than female mandibles...
Determining sex from the cranium
The cranium has a very distinctive shape, which varies between people to some extent. Some features that vary between individuals in their size or shape are...
The occipital bone
The cranium includes all the bones of the head. Altogether, there are 26 cranial bones plus the mandible. Except for the mandible, these bones mostly are fus...
The frontal bone
The cranium includes all the bones of the head. Altogether, there are 26 cranial bones plus the mandible. Except for the mandible, these bones mostly are fus...
African Homo erectus
This station includes several casts of early fossil Homo erectus, from the Early Pleistocene of Africa. These include:
Meet Homo habilis
This station has several of the key cranial specimens of Homo habilis, together with Sts 5, the representative of Australopithecus africanus. The H. habilis ...
Asian Homo erectus
Homo erectus entered Asia as early as 1.8 million years ago. One of the earliest specimens of the species is the Modjokerto skull, from Java. The spread of t...
Structure of the pelvis
The pelvis is a complex made of three bones: the sacrum and the left and right os coxae, also called “innominate” bones. The sacrum forms the posterior part ...
Sexual dimorphism of the pelvis
The pelvis is the most accurate indicator of sex in the human skeleton. Its central role in the birth process means that the pelvis has several shape differe...
Meet Australopithecus africanus
This station has several casts of remains attributed to the species, Australopithecus africanus. This was the first australopithecine species discovered, and...
Bipedality and the pelvis
Humans are bipeds. The pelvis in humans has undergone radical changes in orientation and shape compared to other anthropoid primates. Many of these changes s...
Tooth wear
Teeth have a close association with longevity. Enamel is the hardest substance in the body, but it does break, wear out, and is sometimes attacked by microbe...
Paleopathology
Often the skeleton bears signs of disease or injury that occurred during an individual’s lifetime. Not every disease affects bone, but some have highly recog...
Long bone development
The long bones grow in parts. Early in fetal development, the bones are formed from cartilage. Bone tissue forms as special cells (called osteoblasts) lay do...
Meet Aegyptopithecus
At this station are casts of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis. This species comes from the Oligocene, approximately 30 million years ago. It is from the Fayum fossil b...
Incisors
The incisors are the front teeth. They are basically flat and have a blade-like occlusal surface. Each quadrant has two incisors.
Deciduous teeth
Like most mammals, humans have two sets of teeth. The first set is called the deciduous dentition, but you probably know these as “baby teeth.”
Canines
The canine teeth in humans range from pointy-shaped to incisor-like in shape. There is only one canine in each quadrant, and it is the third tooth just dista...
Wisdom teeth
Most humans have three molars, but many — especially in America — have their third molars (called wisdom teeth) extracted. Some people do not develop third m...
Premolars
The premolars are directly distal to (behind) the canines. Generally there are two premolars in each quadrant. Counting backward from the front of the jaw, t...
Premolars in primates
Different kinds of primates have different numbers of premolars in their dentitions. The ancestral number of premolars in primates is three in each quadrant ...
Molars
The most distal teeth are molars. Most humans have three molars, but many — especially in America — have their third molars (called wisdom teeth) extracted. ...
Meet Australopithecus boisei
The robust australopithecines existed between 2.5 and 1.5 million years ago. At this station are skeletal remains from two kinds of robust australopithecine....
The temporal bone
The cranium includes all the bones of the head. Altogether, there are 26 cranial bones plus the mandible. Except for the mandible, these bones mostly are fus...
Size of the external auditory meatus
This is a very simple lab station. The size of the opening for the ear canal, called the external auditory meatus, is larger in humans than in most other kin...
Earlobes
The form of the earlobes varies in humans. At one extreme, the lowest point on the earlobe is attached to the flesh of the cheek. If not, the earlobe is to v...
Meet Gorilla gorilla
The gorilla is the world’s largest living primate. Gorillas are presently distributed broadly across West and Central Africa, in forested areas where human a...
Radius and ulna
The radius and ulna are the two bones of the lower arm. Rotation of the wrist is actually accomplished by a rotation of the radius around the ulna. The radiu...
Humerus
The bone of the upper arm is called the humerus. It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder joint, and the radius and ulna at the elbow.
The different types of vertebrae
The spine extends from the head to the sacrum, and in most people consists of 24 vertebrae. The vertebral column can be divided into three segments:
The anatomy of a vertebra
Each vertebra has several parts. The most important are:
Primate vertebral numbers
Between the skull and the sacrum, humans have 24 vertebrae. Well, most humans, anyway. Sometimes humans have a few more or less.
Tibia and fibula
The tibia and fibula are the bones of the lower leg. The fibula forms the lateral part of the ankle joint, preventing dislocation in that direction.
Predicting stature from bone measurements
Anthropologists have collected data from many populations in the world, showing the relationship between the parts of the skeleton and body size and stature....
Laboratory: Feet
The stations in this lab will introduce one of the best-known species of fossil hominins, evidence of bipedal locomotion early in our evolution, some basic a...
The Laetoli footprints
The most striking piece of evidence for bipedality in our earliest hominin relatives is a series of footprint trails at Laetoli, a fossil-bearing site in Tan...
Measuring stature and proportions
At this station, you’ll be taking some measurements of your body. This is a graded exercise, but we expect that you’ll have no problem getting all the points...
Femur
The femur is the bone of the upper leg. The proximal end of the femur connects to the hip joint. It is marked by a spherical ball, called the femoral head, t...
Teeth
Goals:
Incisors
The incisors are the front teeth. They are basically flat and have a blade-like occlusal surface. Each quadrant has two incisors.
Bones of the cranium from the front
The cranium includes all the bones of the head. Altogether, there are 26 cranial bones plus the mandible. Except for the mandible, these bones mostly are fus...
Bones of the cranium from below
TemporalThe lower sides (left and right) of the vault, including the ear opening, or external acoustic porus. OccipitalThe rear and base of the skull, inclu...
Biological anthropology laboratory manual
These pages are the exercises for a laboratory in introductory biological anthropology.