Denisova FOXP2 status
In the Denisova hubbub last month (“Denisova genome FAQ”) I didn’t hear anyone talking about the FOXP2 sequence of the Denisovans. I can’t swear that the paper and supplement
I haven’t had a chance to look at the data until now, so I just pulled up the Denisova reads in the genome browser. Humans differ from most primates in FOXP2 at two nonsynonymous substitutions in exon 7 of the gene. For both of these sites, the Denisova sequence is identical to humans and Neandertals, and different from other primates.
There’s nothing too newsworthy about that observation, if we follow the assumption that Neandertals and humans share the derived FOXP2 sequence by descent from a Middle Pleistocene common ancestor. Reich and colleagues interpret the sequence similarities of the Denisova and Neandertal sequences as evidence that these two groups stem from a more recent common ancestral population than either shared with Africans.
The alternative explanation, that one or both substitutions had occurred recently in humans and introgressed into Neandertals (or vice versa) was based on the significant evidence for reduced variation around the FOXP2 gene, consistent with a recent selective sweep. Coop and colleagues
Finding the human-specific substitutions in the Denisova sequence helps to narrow down the evolution of language in the human lineage. If both substitutions were present in the ancestors of the Neandertal-Denisova-African trichotomy, any selection associated with these substitutions must have occurred prior to the divergence of these hominins. By the timeline of Reich and colleagues