john hawks weblog

paleoanthropology, genetics and evolution

quotes

  • Quote: Darwin on the food chain

    Sat, 2007-11-24 10:44 -- John Hawks

    From the Origin, second edition, pp. 73-74:

    I have, also, reason to believe that humble-bees are indispensable to the fertilisation of the heartsease (Viola tricolor), for other bees do not visit this flower. From experiments which I have lately tried, I have found that the visits of bees are necessary for the fertilisation of some kinds of clover; but humble-bees alone visit the red clover (Trifolium pratense), as other bees cannot reach the nectar. Hence I have very little doubt, that if the whole genus of humble-bees became extinct or very rare in England, the heartsease and red clover would become very rare, or wholly disappear. The number of humble-bees in any district depends in a great degree on the number of field-mice, which destroy their combs and nests; and Mr. H. Newman, who has long attended to the habits of humble-bees, believes that "more than two-thirds of them are thus destroyed all over England." Now the number of mice is largely dependent, as every one knows, on the number of cats; and Mr. Newman says, "Near villages and small towns I have found the nests of humble-bees more numerous than elsewhere, which I attribute to the number of cats that destroy the mice." Hence it is quite credible that the presence of a feline animal in large numbers in a district might determine, through the intervention first of mice and then of bees, the frequency of certain flowers in that district!

  • Quote: Riel-Salvatore on the "trait list" approach

    Tue, 2007-11-13 21:37 -- John Hawks

    Julien Riel-Salvatore comments on the hunting Neandertal women (my comment from last year here). Read the whole thing by all means, but I laughed out loud at this:

    On one side, people who still think of the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition in terms of a list of features that distinguish the UP from the MP (and by extension, modern humans from Neanderthals) probably clapped their hands excitedly before chiseling "sexual division of labor" into the stone tablet that bears the other commandments of modern human behavior.

  • Quote: What to do with Daylight Savings Time

    Mon, 2007-10-29 14:53 -- John Hawks

    Commenter Yajeev, on A Blog Around the Clock:

    To be honest, I've only ever liked the Fall Back bit of DST, where we gain an hour of sleep. I propose that we forget the Spring Ahead nonsense and instead Fall Back twice a year: once in spring, once in autumn. In this respect, we will gain an hour of sleep two times in a 365-day period.

    Furthermore, if we increased the frequency of backfalling and, say, Fell Back every two months (and who would turn down 60 free sleep minutes), over the course of 4 years, we will have gained an entire 24 hours. Then, we could do away with Leap Year.

  • Quote: Skunk apes

    Thu, 2007-10-25 22:49 -- John Hawks

    My little girl, Sadie, couldn't sleep last night and we sat up watching a show about the "Skunk Ape" of the South. She loved it! Well, today I happened across an article about skunk apes as an eastern Tennessee cultural phenomenon. Here's a quote:

    The legend of Bigfoot, even as a symbol for a kind of unkempt redneck naturalism, can remind us of a simpler time, back when fantasy and reality had more of a symbiotic relationship. Back when tall tales had a tinge of morality woven into the yarn.

    (via Instapundit)

  • Quote: A Mad Men moment

    Fri, 2007-10-19 10:56 -- John Hawks

    Joan Holloway (Christina Hendricks) on Mad Men:

    Sometimes when people get what they want, they realize how limited their goals were.

  • Quote: Tobias on Dart's scientific importance

    Thu, 2007-10-11 12:20 -- John Hawks

    From p. 48 of P. V. Tobias, Dart, Taung, and the Missing Link, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg:

    All fossil hominid discoveries up to 1925 had bearings on the evolution of established and unequivocal hominids; they had illustrated teh changes that had occurred along the way from incontrovertible earlier hominids (like Homo erectus of Java) to later hominids (like Neandertal and Cro-Magnon men). Australopithecus imported an entirely new dimension into the picture: it opened a window, not on to the evolution of established hominids, but on to human emergence -- the very roots of the family of hominids from non-hominid predecessors. It posed such questions as these: What are the features that distinguish hominids from other primate families? Which of the hallmarks of mankind were the first to appear and when did they arise? How were the different traits that characterize the human family related to one another? -- such traits as uprightness and bipedal locomotion, reduced canines, brain enlargement and structural re-arrangement, the human grasping and manipulating hand, human communication, human material culture including tool-making activities?

    These were the kinds of questions which Dart's discovery and what he made of it compelled upon the world of science. Countless new areas of investigation were opened up -- even if the motivation was the felt need to repudiate Dart's claims! Dart's plunge into ancestral waters took the twentieth century to the very fountainhead where one could plumb the depths of human genesis.

  • Quote: Dart on the savanna model

    Sat, 2007-10-06 15:47 -- John Hawks

    Raymond Dart (p. 198 of Australopithecus africanus, the man-ape of South Africa, Nature 115:195-199, 1925), summing up why hominids might have lived in what seemed "harsh and forbidding" environments for a primate:

    In anticipating the discovery of the true links between the apes and man in tropical countries, there has been a tendency to overlook the fact that in the luxuriant forests of the tropical belts, Nature was supplying with profligate and lavish hand an easy and sluggish solution, by adaptive specialization, of the problem of existence in creatures so well equipped mentally as living anthropoids are. For the production of man a different apprenticeship was needed to sharpen the wits and quicken the higher manifestations of intellect -- a more open veldt country where competition was keener between swiftness and stealth, and where adroitness of thinking and movement played a preponderating role in the preservation of the species. Darwin has said, "no country in the world abounds in a greater degree with dangerous beasts than Southern Africa," and, in my opinion, Southern Africa, by providing a vast open country with occasional wooded belts and a relative scarcity of water, together with a fierce and bitter mammalian competition, furnished a laboratory such as was essential to this penultimate phase of human evolution.

  • Quote: Selection is "widely ignored"

    Tue, 2007-08-28 12:00 -- John Hawks

    From p. xviii-xix of the preface of Selection, by Graham Bell (Chapman and Hall, New York, 1997):

    One might expect, for example, that in Britain, the cradle of evolutionary biology, natural selection might be accorded an honored and conspicuous position. But in the published curricula of the programs that students follow preparatory to the university, it is no more prominent than aquaculture....

    The treatment of selection in textbooks usually follows more or less the same course. There is an introductory section on genetics, sometimes even outlining the chemical structure of DNA, followed by an account of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, a page or two of population genetics, and of course the history of the peppered moth. The whole is illustrated by a picture of Darwin, looking stern, as well he might. This is a caricature, of course, but by no means an unrecognizable one. Thousands of students have left courses on evolution with the vague impression that selection is something to do with the Hardy-Weinberg law, and study for the examination by trying to remember which it is that adenine pairs with.

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Neandertals

For years, I've worked on their bones. Now I'm working on their genes. Read more about the science studying these ancient people.

Denisova

From a finger bone of an ancient human came the record of a completely unexpected population. My lab is working on the science of the Denisova genome.

Acceleration

The advent of agriculture caused natural selection to speed up greatly in humans. We're uncovering some of the ways that populations have rapidly changed during the last 10,000 years.

Malapa

Just outside Johannesburg, the Malapa site is producing some of the most exciting finds in human evolution. This site is the headquarters of the Malapa Soft Tissue Project.